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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2023


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-11689

Fair Isaac Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		94-1499887
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)

5 West Mendenhall, Suite 105		59715
Bozeman,	Montana
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 406-982-7276

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	FICO	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐

Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐

		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).


Yes			☐			No			☒

The number of shares of common stock outstanding on January 17, 2024 was 24,852,057 (excluding 64,004,726 shares held by us as treasury stock).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Unaudited Financial Statements	1
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	28
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	29

	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	31
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	31
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	31
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	31
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	31
Item 5.	Other Information	31
Item 6.	Exhibits	32
Signatures		33

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Unaudited Financial Statements

FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
	(In thousands, except par value data)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	160,421	$	136,778
Accounts receivable, net	367,478		387,947
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	37,364		31,723
Total current assets	565,263		556,448
Marketable securities	36,955		33,014
Other investments	1,258		1,223
Property and equipment, net	10,406		10,966
Operating lease right-of-use assets	18,916		25,703
Goodwill	777,195		773,327
Intangible assets, net	642		917
Deferred income taxes	63,725		59,136
Other assets	119,158		114,547
Total assets	$	1,593,518	$	1,575,281
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Deficit
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	18,584	$	19,009
Accrued compensation and employee benefits	68,216		102,471
Other accrued liabilities	46,487		59,478
Deferred revenue	146,822		136,730
Current maturities on debt	153,000		50,000
Total current liabilities	433,109		367,688
Long-term debt	1,808,655		1,811,658
Operating lease liabilities	11,899		23,903
Other liabilities	65,620		60,022
Total liabilities	2,319,283		2,263,271
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ deficit:
Preferred stock ($0.01 par value; 1,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding)	—		—
Common stock ($0.01 par value; 200,000 shares authorized, 88,857 shares issued and 24,879 and 24,770 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively)	249		248
Additional paid-in-capital	1,239,131		1,350,713
Treasury stock, at cost (63,978 and 64,087 shares at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively)	(5,380,827)		(5,324,865)
Retained earnings	3,509,124		3,388,059
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(93,442)		(102,145)
Total stockholders’ deficit	(725,765)		(687,990)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	1,593,518	$	1,575,281

See accompanying notes.

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FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Quarter Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Revenues:
On-premises and SaaS software	$	168,668	$	144,560
Professional services	21,279		22,322
Scores	192,112		177,988
Total revenues	382,059		344,870
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues	83,461		76,569
Research and development	42,635		36,633
Selling, general and administrative	104,329		92,995
Amortization of intangible assets	275		275

Gain on product line asset sale	—		(1,941)
Total operating expenses	230,700		204,531
Operating income	151,359		140,339
Interest expense, net	(24,162)		(22,800)
Other income, net	3,393		364
Income before income taxes	130,590		117,903
Provision for income taxes	9,525		20,260
Net income	121,065		97,643
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	8,703		18,381
Comprehensive income	$	129,768	$	116,024
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	4.89	$	3.90
Diluted	$	4.80	$	3.84
Shares used in computing earnings per share:
Basic	24,764		25,045
Diluted	25,219		25,443

See accompanying notes.

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FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in-Capital		Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Deficit
(In thousands)	Shares	Par Value
Balance at September 30, 2023	24,770	$	248	$	1,350,713	$	(5,324,865)	$	3,388,059	$	(102,145)	$	(687,990)
Share-based compensation	—	—		31,574		—		—		—		31,574
Issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans	187	2		(143,156)		15,741		—		—		(127,413)
Repurchases of common stock	(78)	(1)		—		(71,703)		—		—		(71,704)
Net income	—	—		—		—		121,065		—		121,065
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—		—		—		8,703		8,703
Balance at December 31, 2023	24,879	$	249	$	1,239,131	$	(5,380,827)	$	3,509,124	$	(93,442)	$	(725,765)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in-Capital		Treasury Stock		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Deficit
(In thousands)	Shares	Par Value
Balance at September 30, 2022	25,154	$	252	$	1,299,588	$	(4,935,769)	$	2,958,684	$	(124,702)	$	(801,947)
Share-based compensation	—	—		29,702		—		—		—		29,702
Issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans	180	2		(85,019)		14,147		—		—		(70,870)
Repurchases of common stock	(179)	(2)		—		(75,002)		—		—		(75,004)
Net income	—	—		—		—		97,643		—		97,643
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—		—		—		18,381		18,381
Balance at December 31, 2022	25,155	$	252	$	1,244,271	$	(4,996,624)	$	3,056,327	$	(106,321)	$	(802,095)

See accompanying notes.

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FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Quarter Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	121,065	$	97,643
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	2,824		4,280
Share-based compensation	31,574		29,702
Deferred income taxes	(4,435)		(8,507)
Net (gain) loss on marketable securities	(2,884)		348
Non-cash operating lease costs	3,500		3,779
Provision for doubtful accounts	419		369
Gain on product line asset sale	—		(1,941)
Net loss on sales and abandonment of property and equipment	400		16
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	27,399		8,704
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(13,457)		(5,823)
Accounts payable	(642)		168
Accrued compensation and employee benefits	(35,141)		(37,883)
Other liabilities	(16,490)		(7,955)
Deferred revenue	7,988		9,540
Net cash provided by operating activities	122,120		92,440
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,361)		(850)
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities	13,167		2,393
Purchases of marketable securities	(14,224)		(4,558)
Cash transferred, net of proceeds, from product line asset sale	—		(7,575)


Net cash used in investing activities	(2,418)		(10,590)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from revolving line of credit and term loan	170,000		169,000
Payments on revolving line of credit and term loan	(70,750)		(102,750)




Proceeds from issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans	4,499		1,995
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	(131,911)		(72,865)
Repurchases of common stock	(71,704)		(75,004)
Net cash used in financing activities	(99,866)		(79,624)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	3,807		4,428
Increase in cash and cash equivalents	23,643		6,654
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	136,778		133,202
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	160,421	$	139,856
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds of $10 and $8 during the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively	$	4,926	$	13,412
Cash paid for interest	$	38,236	$	37,730
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment included in accounts payable	$	178	$	37

See accompanying notes.

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FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Nature of Business

Fair Isaac Corporation

Fair Isaac Corporation (NYSE: FICO) (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company,” which may also be referred to in this report as “we,” “us,” “our,” or “FICO”) is a leading applied analytics company. We were founded in 1956 on the premise that data, used intelligently, can improve business decisions. Today, FICO’s software and the widely used FICO® Score operationalize analytics, enabling thousands of businesses in more than 100 countries to uncover new opportunities, make timely decisions that matter, and execute them at scale. Most leading banks and credit card issuers rely on our solutions, as do insurers, retailers, telecommunications providers, automotive lenders, consumer reporting agencies, public agencies, and organizations in other industries. We also serve consumers through online services that enable people to access and understand their FICO® Scores — the standard measure in the U.S. of consumer credit risk — empowering them to increase financial literacy and manage their financial health.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

We have prepared the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and the applicable accounting guidance. Consequently, we have not necessarily included all information and footnotes required for audited financial statements. In our opinion, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, except as otherwise indicated) necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The interim financial information contained in this report is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or for the entire fiscal year.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FICO and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

We make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the disclosures made in the accompanying notes. For example, we use estimates in determining the appropriate levels of various accruals; variable considerations included in the transaction price and standalone selling price of each performance obligation for our customer contracts; labor hours in connection with fixed-fee service contracts; the amount of our tax provision; and the realizability of deferred tax assets. We also use estimates in determining the remaining economic lives and carrying values of acquired intangible assets, property and equipment, and other long-lived assets. In addition, we use assumptions to estimate the fair value of reporting units and share-based compensation. Actual results may differ from our estimates.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2021-08”). ASU 2021-08 requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities from acquired contracts using the revenue recognition guidance under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contacts with Customers, in order to align the recognition of a contract liability with the definition of a performance obligation. We adopted ASU 2021-08 in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, which means that it will be effective for our annual periods beginning October 1, 2024, and our interim periods beginning October 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our disclosures within our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as disaggregated information on income tax paid. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, which means that it will be effective for our fiscal years beginning October 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our disclosures within our consolidated financial statements.

We do not expect that any other recently issued accounting pronouncements will have a significant effect on our consolidated financial statements.

2. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure that is based on the extent and level of judgment used to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities.

•Level 1 — uses unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Our Level 1 assets were comprised of money market funds and certain marketable securities and our Level 1 liabilities included senior notes as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023.

•Level 2 — uses inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable through correlation with market data. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and inputs to valuation models or other pricing methodologies that do not require significant judgment because the inputs used in the model, such as interest rates and volatility, can be corroborated by readily observable market data. We did not have any assets or liabilities that are valued using inputs identified under a Level 2 hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023.

•Level 3 — uses one or more significant inputs that are unobservable and supported by little or no market activity, and that reflect the use of significant management judgment. Level 3 assets and liabilities include those whose fair value measurements are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar valuation techniques, and significant management judgment or estimation. We did not have any assets or liabilities that are valued using inputs identified under a Level 3 hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023.

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The following tables represent financial assets that we measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023:


December 31, 2023	Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1)		Fair Value as of December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Cash equivalents (1)	$	40,253	$	40,253
Marketable securities (2)	36,955		36,955
Total	$	77,208	$	77,208

September 30, 2023	Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1)		Fair Value as of September 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Cash equivalents (1)	$	23,621	$	23,621
Marketable securities (2)	33,014		33,014
Total	$	56,635	$	56,635

(1)Included in cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023. Not included in these tables are cash deposits of $120.2 million and $113.2 million at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

(2)Represents securities held under a supplemental retirement and savings plan for certain officers and senior management employees, which are distributed upon termination or retirement of the employees. Included in marketable securities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023.

See Note 6 for the fair value of our senior notes.

There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

3. Derivative Financial Instruments

We use derivative instruments to manage risks caused by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. The primary objective of our derivative instruments is to protect the value of foreign-currency-denominated receivable and cash balances from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange rates that might occur prior to conversion to their functional currencies. We principally utilize foreign currency forward contracts, which enable us to buy and sell foreign currencies in the future at fixed exchange rates and economically offset changes in foreign exchange rates. We routinely enter into contracts to offset exposures denominated in the British pound, Euro, and Singapore dollar.

Foreign currency-denominated receivable and cash balances are remeasured at foreign exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates reported in other income, net. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through other income, net. Fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured receivable and cash balances attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. The forward contracts are short-term in nature and typically have average maturities at inception of less than three months.

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The following tables summarize our outstanding foreign currency forward contracts, by currency, at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023:


	December 31, 2023
	Contract Amount				Fair Value
	Foreign Currency		USD		USD
	(In thousands)
Sell foreign currency:

Euro (EUR)	EUR	9,900	$	10,941	$	—
Buy foreign currency:
British pound (GBP)	GBP	9,911	$	12,600	$	—
Singapore dollar (SGD)	SGD	10,400	$	7,900	$	—


	September 30, 2023
	Contract Amount				Fair Value
	Foreign Currency		USD		USD
	(In thousands)
Sell foreign currency:

Euro (EUR)	EUR	12,900	$	13,621	$	—
Buy foreign currency:
British pound (GBP)	GBP	10,700	$	13,100	$	—
Singapore dollar (SGD)	SGD	8,569	$	6,300	$	—

The foreign currency forward contracts were entered into on December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023; therefore, their fair value was $0 on each of these dates.

Gains on derivative financial instruments were recorded in our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income as a component of other income, net, and consisted of the following:


	Quarter Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Gains on foreign currency forward contracts	$	541	$	1,304

4. Goodwill

The following table summarizes changes to goodwill during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, both in total and as allocated to our segments. As of December 31, 2023, there was no accumulated goodwill impairment loss.


	Scores		Software		Total
	(In thousands)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	146,648	$	626,679	$	773,327


Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		3,868		3,868

Balance at December 31, 2023	$	146,648	$	630,547	$	777,195

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5. Composition of Certain Financial Statement Captions

The following table presents the composition of property and equipment, net and other accrued liabilities at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023:


	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Property and equipment, net:
Property and equipment	$	97,699	$	98,967
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(87,293)		(88,001)
Total	$	10,406	$	10,966

Other accrued liabilities:
Interest payable	$	7,056	$	20,770
Current operating leases	15,641		16,336
Other	23,790		22,372
Total	$	46,487	$	59,478

6. Debt

The following table represents our debt at carrying value at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023:


	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Current maturities on debt:
Revolving line of credit	$	138,000	$	35,000
Term loan	15,000		15,000
Current maturities on debt	153,000		50,000
Long-term debt:
Revolving line of credit	265,000		265,000
Term loan	255,000		258,750
The 2018 Senior Notes	400,000		400,000
The 2019 Senior Notes and the 2021 Senior Notes	900,000		900,000
Less: debt issuance costs	(11,345)		(12,092)
Long-term debt	1,808,655		1,811,658
Total debt	$	1,961,655	$	1,861,658

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Revolving Line of Credit and Term Loan

We have a $600 million unsecured revolving line of credit and a $300 million unsecured term loan with a syndicate of banks that mature on August 19, 2026. Borrowings under the revolving line of credit and term loan can be used for working capital and general corporate purposes and may also be used for the refinancing of existing debt, acquisitions, and the repurchase of our common stock. The term loan requires principal payments in consecutive quarterly installments of $3.75 million on the last business day of each quarter. Interest rates on amounts borrowed under the revolving line of credit and term loan are based on (i) an adjusted base rate, which is the greatest of (a) the prime rate, (b) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.5%, and (c) one-month adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate plus 1%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin, or (ii) an adjusted term SOFR rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for base rate borrowings and for SOFR borrowings is determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio. The applicable margin for base rate borrowings ranges from 0% to 0.75% per annum and for SOFR borrowings ranges from 1% to 1.75% per annum. In addition, we must pay certain credit facility fees. The revolving line of credit and term loan contain certain restrictive covenants including a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.5 to 1.0, subject to a step up to 4.0 to 1.0 following certain permitted acquisitions and subject to certain conditions, and a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.0 to 1.0. The credit agreement also contains other covenants typical of unsecured credit facilities.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $403.0 million in borrowings outstanding under the revolving line of credit at a weighted-average interest rate of 6.708%, and $270.0 million in outstanding balance of the term loan at an interest rate of 6.713%. We were in compliance with all financial covenants under this credit agreement as of December 31, 2023.

Senior Notes

On May 8, 2018, we issued $400 million of senior notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2018 Senior Notes”). The 2018 Senior Notes require interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 5.25% per annum and will mature on May 15, 2026.

On December 6, 2019, we issued $350 million of senior notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2019 Senior Notes”). The 2019 Senior Notes require interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 4.00% per annum and will mature on June 15, 2028.

On December 17, 2021, we issued $550 million of additional senior notes of the same class as the 2019 Senior Notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2021 Senior Notes,” and collectively with the 2018 Senior Notes and the 2019 Senior Notes, the “Senior Notes”). The 2021 Senior Notes require interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 4.00% per annum and will mature on June 15, 2028, the same date as the 2019 Senior Notes.

The indentures for the Senior Notes contain certain covenants typical of unsecured obligations and we were in compliance as of December 31, 2023.

The following table presents the face values and fair values for the Senior Notes at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023:


	December 31, 2023				September 30, 2023
	Face Value		Fair Value		Face Value		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
The 2018 Senior Notes	$	400,000	$	396,000	$	400,000	$	386,000
The 2019 Senior Notes and the 2021 Senior Notes	900,000		846,000		900,000		803,250
Total	$	1,300,000	$	1,242,000	$	1,300,000	$	1,189,250

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7. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables provide information about disaggregated revenue by primary geographical market:


	Quarter Ended December 31, 2023
	Scores		Software		Total		Percentage
	(Dollars in thousands)
Americas	$	184,948	$	133,562	$	318,510	83	%
Europe, Middle East and Africa	1,308		35,060		36,368		10	%
Asia Pacific	5,856		21,325		27,181		7	%
Total	$	192,112	$	189,947	$	382,059	100	%


	Quarter Ended December 31, 2022
	Scores		Software		Total		Percentage
	(Dollars in thousands)
Americas	$	173,297	$	117,830	$	291,127	85	%
Europe, Middle East and Africa	1,348		30,992		32,340		9	%
Asia Pacific	3,343		18,060		21,403		6	%
Total	$	177,988	$	166,882	$	344,870	100	%

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue for our Software segment by deployment method:


	Quarter Ended December 31,				Percentage of revenues
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
On-premises software	$	72,472	$	64,922	43	%	45	%
SaaS software	96,196		79,638		57	%	55	%
Total on-premises and SaaS software	$	168,668	$	144,560	100	%	100	%

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue for our Software segment by product features:


	Quarter Ended December 31,				Percentage of revenues
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Platform software	$	45,173	$	30,828	27	%	21	%
Non-platform software	123,495		113,732		73	%	79	%
Total on-premises and SaaS software	$	168,668	$	144,560	100	%	100	%

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The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue for our Software segment by timing of revenue recognition:


	Quarter Ended December 31,				Percentage of revenues
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Software recognized at a point in time (1)	$	13,782	$	11,803	8	%	8	%
Software recognized over contract term (2)	154,886		132,757		92	%	92	%
Total on-premises and SaaS software	$	168,668	$	144,560	100	%	100	%

(1)Includes license portion of our on-premises subscription software and perpetual license, both of which are recognized when the software is made available to the customer, or at the start of the subscription.

(2)Includes maintenance portion and usage-based fees of our on-premises subscription software, maintenance revenue on perpetual licenses, as well as SaaS revenue.

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue for our Scores segment by distribution method:


	Quarter Ended December 31,				Percentage of revenues
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Business-to-business Scores	$	140,442	$	124,905	73	%	70	%
Business-to-consumer Scores	51,670		53,083		27	%	30	%
Total	$	192,112	$	177,988	100	%	100	%

We derive a substantial portion of revenues from our contracts with the three major consumer reporting agencies, TransUnion, Equifax and Experian. Revenues collectively generated by agreements with these customers accounted for 39% and 36% of our total revenues in the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with three and two consumer reporting agencies each contributing more than 10% of our total revenues in the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, one individual customer accounted for 10% or more of total consolidated receivables.

Contract Balances

We record a receivable when we satisfy a performance obligation prior to invoicing if only the passage of time is required before payment is due or if we have an unconditional right to consideration before we satisfy a performance obligation. We record a contract asset when we satisfy a performance obligation prior to invoicing but our right to consideration is conditional. We record deferred revenue when the payment is made or due before we satisfy a performance obligation.

Receivables at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023 consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Billed	$	225,447	$	234,745
Unbilled	189,930		203,896
	415,377		438,641
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts	(5,406)		(4,978)
Net receivables	409,971		433,663
Less: long-term receivables (*)	(42,493)		(45,716)
Short-term receivables (*)	$	367,478	$	387,947

(*) Short-term receivables and long-term receivables were recorded in accounts receivable, net and other assets, respectively, within the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred revenue primarily relates to our maintenance and SaaS contracts billed annually in advance and generally recognized ratably over the term of the service period. Significant changes in the deferred revenues balances are as follows:

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	Quarter Ended December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Deferred revenues, beginning balance (*)	$	143,235
Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenues balance at the beginning of the period	(67,037)
Increases due to billings, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	77,207

Deferred revenues, ending balance (*)	$	153,405

(*) Deferred revenues at December 31, 2023 included current portion of $146.8 million and long-term portion of $6.6 million that were recorded in deferred revenue and other liabilities, respectively, within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenues at September 30, 2023 included current portion of $136.7 million and long-term portion of $6.5 million that were recorded in deferred revenue and other liabilities, respectively, within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to provide customers with financing or to receive financing from our customers. Examples include multi-year on-premises licenses that are invoiced annually with revenue recognized upfront and invoicing at the beginning of a subscription term with revenue recognized ratably over the contract period.

Performance Obligations

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that will be recognized in future periods, which is comprised of deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. This does not include:

•Usage-based revenue that will be recognized in future periods from on-premises software subscriptions;

•Consumption-based variable fees from SaaS software that will be recognized in the distinct service period during which it is earned; and

•Revenue from variable considerations that will be recognized in accordance with the “right-to-invoice” practical expedient, such as fees from our professional services billed based on a time and materials basis.

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations was $470.8 million as of December 31, 2023, approximately 50% of which we expect to recognize over the next 16 months and the remainder thereafter. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations was $470.5 million as of September 30, 2023.

8. Income Taxes

Effective Tax Rate

The effective income tax rate was 7.3% and 17.2% during the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The provision for income taxes during interim quarterly reporting periods is based on our estimates of the effective tax rates for the full fiscal year. The effective tax rate in any quarter can also be affected positively or negatively by adjustments that are required to be reported in the specific quarter of resolution.

A provision enacted as part of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act imposes a 15% corporate minimum tax. The provision is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, which means that it was effective for our fiscal year beginning October 1, 2023. We do not expect any impact to our fiscal 2024 effective tax rate from the corporate minimum tax provision.

The total unrecognized tax benefit for uncertain tax positions was estimated to be $14.8 million and $13.8 million at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively. We recognize interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as part of the provision for income taxes in our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We accrued interest of $1.2 million and $0.9 million related to unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively.

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9. Share-Based Employee Benefit Plans

We maintain the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) under which we grant equity awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, stock unit awards and other share-based awards. All employees, consultants and advisors of FICO or any subsidiary, as well as all non-employee directors, are eligible to receive awards under the 2021 Plan. Stock option awards have a maximum term of ten years. In general, stock option awards and stock unit awards not subject to market or performance conditions vest annually over four years. Stock unit awards subject to market or performance conditions generally vest annually over three years based on the achievement of specified criteria.

We also maintain the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2019 Purchase Plan”) under which we are authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock to eligible employees. Eligible employees may elect to have up to 15% of their eligible pay withheld through payroll deductions to purchase FICO common stock during semi-annual offering periods. The purchase price of the stock is 85% of the closing sales price of FICO common stock on the last trading day of each offering period. Offering period means the approximately six-month periods commencing (a) on the first trading day on or after September 1 and terminating on the last trading day in the following February, and (b) on the first trading day on or after March 1 and terminating on the last trading day in the following August. No shares were purchased under the 2019 Purchase Plan during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity during the quarter ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted-average Grant-date Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	376	$	508.23
Granted	91	1,129.77
Released	(132)	470.22
Forfeited	(11)	504.43
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	324	$	698.48

Performance Share Units

The following table summarizes performance share unit activity during the quarter ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted-average Grant-date Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	115	$	519.54
Granted	18	1,134.39
Released	(58)	502.66
Forfeited	(8)	529.92
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	67	$	695.06

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Market Share Units

The following table summarizes market share unit activity during the quarter ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted-average Grant-date Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	87	$	844.24
Granted	64	1,014.75
Released	(84)	737.77
Forfeited	(5)	845.67
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	62	$	1,161.62

Stock Options

The following table summarizes option activity during the quarter ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted-average Exercise Price		Weighted-average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands)			(In years)	(In thousands)
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	227	$	387.95
Granted	6	1,133.87
Exercised	(31)	146.68

Outstanding at December 31, 2023	202	$	444.55	3.83	$	145,366
Exercisable at December 31, 2023	132	$	271.79	2.56	$	117,720
Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2023	196	$	432.79	3.75	$	143,106

10. Earnings per Share

The following table presents reconciliations for the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) for the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarter Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Numerator for diluted and basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	121,065	$	97,643
Denominator — share:
Basic weighted-average shares	24,764		25,045
Effect of dilutive securities	455		398
Diluted weighted-average shares	25,219		25,443
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	4.89	$	3.90
Diluted	$	4.80	$	3.84

Anti-dilutive share-based awards excluded from the calculations of diluted EPS were immaterial during the periods presented.

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11. Segment Information

We are organized into two reportable segments: Scores and Software. Although we sell solutions and services to a large number of end user product and industry markets, our reportable business segments reflect the primary method in which management organizes and evaluates internal financial information to make operating decisions and assess performance.

•Scores. This segment includes our business-to-business (“B2B”) scoring solutions and services which give our clients access to predictive credit and other scores that can be easily integrated into their transaction streams and decision-making processes. This segment also includes our business-to-consumer (“B2C”) scoring solutions, including our myFICO.com subscription offerings.

•Software. This segment includes pre-configured analytic and decision management solutions designed for a specific type of business need or process — such as account origination, customer management, customer engagement, fraud detection, and marketing — as well as associated professional services. This segment also includes FICO® Platform, a modular software offering designed to support advanced analytic and decision use cases, as well as stand-alone analytic and decisioning software that can be configured by our customers to address a wide variety of business use cases. These offerings are available to our customers as SaaS or as on-premises software.

Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is our Chief Executive Officer, evaluates segment financial performance based on segment revenues and segment operating income. Segment operating expenses consist of direct and indirect costs principally related to personnel, facilities, IT infrastructure, consulting, travel and depreciation. Indirect costs are allocated to the segments generally based on relative segment revenues, fixed rates established by management based upon estimated expense contribution levels and other assumptions that management considers reasonable. We do not allocate broad-based incentive expense, share-based compensation expense, restructuring and acquisition-related expense, amortization expense, various corporate charges and certain other income and expense measures to our segments. These income and expense items are not allocated because they are not considered in evaluating the segment’s operating performance. Our CODM does not evaluate the financial performance of each segment based on its respective assets or capital expenditures; rather, depreciation amounts are allocated to the segments from their internal cost centers as described above.

The following tables summarize segment information for the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarter Ended December 31, 2023
	Scores		Software		Unallocated Corporate Expenses		Total
	(In thousands)
Segment revenues:
On-premises and SaaS software	$	—	$	168,668	$	—	$	168,668
Professional services	—		21,279		—		21,279
Scores	192,112		—		—		192,112
Total segment revenues	192,112		189,947		—		382,059
Segment operating expense	(23,458)		(134,825)		(40,568)		(198,851)
Segment operating income	$	168,654	$	55,122	$	(40,568)	183,208
Unallocated share-based compensation expense							(31,574)
Unallocated amortization expense							(275)


Operating income							151,359
Unallocated interest expense, net							(24,162)
Unallocated other income, net							3,393
Income before income taxes							$	130,590
Depreciation expense	$	81	$	1,598	$	12	$	1,691

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	Quarter Ended December 31, 2022
	Scores		Software		Unallocated Corporate Expenses		Total
	(In thousands)
Segment revenues:
On-premises and SaaS software	$	—	$	144,560	$	—	$	144,560
Professional services	—		22,322		—		22,322
Scores	177,988		—		—		177,988
Total segment revenues	177,988		166,882		—		344,870
Segment operating expense	(21,296)		(121,117)		(34,082)		(176,495)
Segment operating income	$	156,692	$	45,765	$	(34,082)	168,375
Unallocated share-based compensation expense							(29,702)
Unallocated amortization expense							(275)

Unallocated gain on product line asset sale							1,941
Operating income							140,339
Unallocated interest expense, net							(22,800)
Unallocated other income, net							364
Income before income taxes							$	117,903
Depreciation expense	$	151	$	2,974	$	22	$	3,147

12. Contingencies

We are in disputes with certain customers regarding amounts owed in connection with the sale of certain of our products and services. We also have had claims asserted by former employees relating to compensation and other employment matters. We are also involved in various other claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We record litigation accruals for legal matters which are both probable and estimable. For legal proceedings for which there is a reasonable possibility of loss (meaning those losses for which the likelihood is more than remote but less than probable), we have determined we do not have a material exposure, either individually or in the aggregate.

13. Subsequent Events

In January 2024, our Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program, which replaced the previous stock repurchase program. The new program is open-ended and authorizes repurchases of shares of our common stock from time to time, up to an aggregate cost of $500.0 million in the open market or in negotiated transactions. The new stock repurchase program became effective on January 23, 2024, and will remain in effect until the total authorized amount is expended or until further action by our Board of Directors.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements contained in this report that are not statements of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”). In addition, certain statements in our future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), in press releases, and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the PSLRA. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenue, income or loss, expenses, earnings or loss per share, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, share repurchases, capital structure and other statements concerning future financial performance; (ii) statements of our plans and objectives by our management or Board of Directors, including those relating to products or services, research and development, and the sufficiency of capital resources; (iii) statements of assumptions underlying such statements, including those related to economic conditions; (iv) statements regarding results of business combinations or strategic divestitures; (v) statements regarding business relationships with vendors, customers or collaborators, including the proportion of revenues generated from international as opposed to domestic customers; and (vi) statements regarding products and services, their characteristics, performance, sales potential or effect in use by customers. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “targeted,” “should,” “potential,” “goals,” “strategy,” “outlook,” “plan,” “estimated,” “will,” variations of these terms and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 and in subsequent filings with the SEC. The performance of our business and our securities may be adversely affected by these factors and by other factors common to other businesses and investments, or to the general economy. Forward-looking statements are qualified by some or all of these risk factors. Therefore, you should consider these risk factors with caution and form your own critical and independent conclusions about the likely effect of these risk factors on our future performance. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which statements are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or circumstances. Readers should carefully review the disclosures and the risk factors described in this and other documents we file from time to time with the SEC, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K.

OVERVIEW

We were founded in 1956 on the premise that data, used intelligently, can improve business decisions. Today, FICO’s software and the widely used FICO® Score operationalize analytics, enabling thousands of businesses in more than 100 countries to uncover new opportunities, make timely decisions that matter, and execute them at scale. Most leading banks and credit card issuers rely on our solutions, as do insurers, retailers, telecommunications providers, automotive lenders, consumer reporting agencies, public agencies, and organizations in other industries. We also serve consumers through online services that enable people to access and understand their FICO® Scores — the standard measure in the U.S. of consumer credit risk — empowering them to increase financial literacy and manage their financial health.

Our business consists of two operating segments: Scores and Software.

Our Scores segment includes our business-to-business (“B2B”) scoring solutions and services which give our clients access to predictive credit and other scores that can be easily integrated into their transaction streams and decision-making processes. This segment also includes our business-to-consumer (“B2C”) scoring solutions, including our myFICO.com subscription offerings.

Our Software segment includes pre-configured analytic and decision management solutions designed for a specific type of business need or process — such as account origination, customer management, customer engagement, fraud detection, and marketing — as well as associated professional services. This segment also includes FICO® Platform, a modular software offering designed to support advanced analytic and decision use cases, as well as stand-alone analytic and decisioning software that can be configured by our customers to address a wide variety of business use cases. Our offerings are available to our customers as software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) or as on-premises software.

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Highlights from the quarter ended December 31, 2023

•Total revenue was $382.1 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, an 11% increase from the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

•Total revenue for our Scores segment was $192.1 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, an 8% increase from the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

•Annual Recurring Revenue for our Software segment as of December 31, 2023 was $687.7 million, an 18% increase from December 31, 2022.

•Dollar-Based Net Retention Rate for our Software segment was 114% during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

•Operating income was $151.4 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, an 8% increase from the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

•Net income was $121.1 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, a 24% increase from the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

•Diluted EPS was $4.80 during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, a 25% increase from the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

•Cash flows from operating activities were $122.1 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, compared with $92.4 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

•Cash and cash equivalents were $160.4 million as of December 31, 2023, compared with $136.8 million as of September 30, 2023.

•Total debt balance was $2.0 billion as of December 31, 2023, compared with $1.9 billion as of September 30, 2023.

•Total share repurchases during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 were $71.7 million, compared with $75.0 million during the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

Key performance metrics for Software segment

Annual Contract Value Bookings (“ACV Bookings”)

Management regards ACV Bookings as an important indicator of future revenues, but they are not comparable to, nor are they a substitute for, an analysis of our revenues and other U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) measures. We define ACV Bookings as the average annualized value of software contracts signed in the current reporting period that generate current and future on-premises and SaaS software revenue. We only include contracts with an initial term of at least 24 months and we exclude perpetual licenses and other software revenues that are non-recurring in nature. For renewals of existing software subscription contracts, we count only incremental annual revenue expected over the current contract as ACV Bookings.

ACV Bookings is calculated by dividing the total expected contract value by the contract term in years. The expected contract value equals the fixed amount — including guaranteed minimums, if any — stated in the contract, plus estimates of future usage-based fees. We develop estimates from discussions with our customers and examinations of historical data from similar products and customer arrangements. Differences between estimates and actual results occur due to variability in the estimated usage. This variability can be the result of the economic trends in our customers’ industries, individual performance of our customers relative to their competitors, and regulatory and other factors that affect the business environment in which our customers operate.

We disclose estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to remaining performance obligations in Note 7 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. However, we believe ACV Bookings is a more meaningful measure of our business as it includes estimated revenues and future billings excluded from Note 7, such as usage-based fees and guaranteed minimums derived from our on-premises software licenses, among others.

The following table summarizes our ACV Bookings during the periods indicated:


	Quarter Ended December 31,
	2023		2022 (*)
	(In millions)
Total on-premises and SaaS software	$	18.3	$	21.5

(*) During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we sold certain assets related to our Siron compliance business and the amount above excludes this product line.

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Annual Recurring Revenue (“ARR”)

Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contacts with Customers, requires us to recognize a significant portion of revenue from our on-premises software subscriptions at the point in time when the software is first made available to the customer, or at the beginning of the subscription term, despite the fact that our contracts typically call for billing these amounts ratably over the life of the subscription. The remaining portion of our on-premises software subscription revenue including maintenance and usage-based fees are recognized over the life of the contract. This point-in-time recognition of a portion of our on-premises software subscription revenue creates significant variability in the revenue recognized period to period based on the timing of the subscription start date and the subscription term. Furthermore, this point-in-time revenue recognition can create a significant difference between the timing of our revenue recognition and the actual customer billing under the contract. We use ARR to measure the underlying performance of our subscription-based contracts and mitigate the impact of this variability. ARR is defined as the annualized revenue run-rate of on-premises and SaaS software agreements within a quarterly reporting period, and as such, is different from the timing and amount of revenue recognized. All components of our software licensing and subscription arrangements that are not expected to recur (primarily perpetual licenses) are excluded. We calculate ARR as the quarterly recurring revenue run-rate multiplied by four.

The following table summarizes our ARR for on-premises and SaaS software at each of the dates presented:


	March 31, 2022			June 30, 2022			September 30, 2022			December 31, 2022			March 31, 2023			June 30, 2023			September 30, 2023			December 31, 2023
ARR (*)	(In millions)
Platform	$	95.4		$	107.2		$	113.1		$	132.8		$	152.5		$	164.1		$	173.2		$	190.3
Non-platform	430.6			432.3			437.0			450.1			461.0			481.8			496.2			497.4
Total	$	526.0		$	539.5		$	550.1		$	582.9		$	613.5		$	645.9		$	669.4		$	687.7

Percentage
Platform	18		%	20		%	21		%	23		%	25		%	25		%	26		%	28		%
Non-platform	82		%	80		%	79		%	77		%	75		%	75		%	74		%	72		%
Total	100		%	100		%	100		%	100		%	100		%	100		%	100		%	100		%

YoY Change
Platform	64		%	62		%	54		%	46		%	60		%	53		%	53		%	43		%
Non-platform	3		%	2		%	2		%	4		%	7		%	11		%	14		%	11		%
Total	10		%	10		%	10		%	11		%	17		%	20		%	22		%	18		%

(*) During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we sold certain assets related to our Siron compliance business. The amounts and percentages above exclude this product line at all dates presented.

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Dollar-Based Net Retention Rate (“DBNRR”)

We consider DBNRR to be an important measure of our success in retaining and growing revenue from our existing customers. To calculate DBNRR for any period, we compare the ARR at the end of the prior comparable quarter (“base ARR”) to the ARR from that same cohort of customers at the end of the current quarter (“retained ARR”); we then divide the retained ARR by the base ARR to arrive at the DBNRR. Our calculation includes the positive impact among this cohort of customers of selling additional products, price increases and increases in usage-based fees, and the negative impact of customer attrition, price decreases, and decreases in usage-based fees during the period. However, the calculation does not include the positive impact from sales to any new customers acquired during the period. Our DBNRR may increase or decrease from period to period as a result of various factors, including the timing of new sales and customer renewal rates.

The following table summarizes our DBNRR for on-premises and SaaS software for each of the periods presented:


	Quarter Ended
	March 31, 2022		June 30, 2022		September 30, 2022		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		June 30, 2023		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2023
DBNRR (*)
Platform	144	%	137	%	129	%	130	%	146	%	142	%	145	%	136	%
Non-platform	102	%	101	%	101	%	103	%	105	%	109	%	111	%	108	%
Total	109	%	109	%	109	%	110	%	114	%	117	%	120	%	114	%

(*) During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we sold certain assets related to our Siron compliance business. The percentages above exclude this product line for all periods presented.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We are organized into two reportable segments: Scores and Software. Although we sell solutions and services into a large number of end user product and industry markets, our reportable business segments reflect the primary method in which management organizes and evaluates internal financial information to make operating decisions and assess performance.

Segment revenues, operating income, and related financial information, including disaggregation of revenue, are set forth in Note 7 and Note 11 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

Revenues

The following tables set forth certain summary information on a segment basis related to our revenues for the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarter Ended December 31,				Percentage of Revenues				Period-to-Period Change		Period-to-Period Percentage Change
Segment	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands)								(In thousands)
Scores	$	192,112	$	177,988	50	%	52	%	$	14,124	8	%
Software	189,947		166,882		50	%	48	%	23,065		14	%
Total	$	382,059	$	344,870	100	%	100	%	37,189		11	%

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Scores

Scores segment revenues increased $14.1 million due to an increase of $15.5 million in our business-to-business scores revenue, partially offset by a decrease of $1.4 million in our business-to-consumer revenue. The increase in business-to-business scores revenue was primarily attributable to a higher unit price. The decrease in business-to-consumer revenue was primarily attributable to a decrease in direct sales generated from the myFICO.com website.

Software


	Quarter Ended December 31,				Period-to-Period Change		Period-to-Period Percentage Change
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)				(In thousands)
On-premises and SaaS software	$	168,668	$	144,560	$	24,108	17	%
Professional services	21,279		22,322		(1,043)		(5)	%
Total	$	189,947	$	166,882	23,065		14	%

Software segment revenues increased $23.1 million due to a $24.1 million increase in our on-premises and SaaS software revenue, partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in services revenue. The increase in our on-premises and SaaS software revenue was primarily attributable to an increase in over-time recognition largely driven by SaaS growth.

Operating Expenses and Other Income (Expense), Net

The following tables set forth certain summary information related to our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarter Ended December 31,				Percentage of Revenues				Period-to-Period Change		Period-to- Period Percentage Change
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands, except employees)								(In thousands, except employees)
Revenues	$	382,059	$	344,870	100	%	100	%	$	37,189	11	%
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues	83,461		76,569		22	%	22	%	6,892		9	%
Research and development	42,635		36,633		11	%	11	%	6,002		16	%
Selling, general and administrative	104,329		92,995		27	%	27	%	11,334		12	%
Amortization of intangible assets	275		275		—	%	—	%	—		—	%

Gain on product line asset sale	—		(1,941)		—	%	(1)	%	1,941		(100)	%
Total operating expenses	230,700		204,531		60	%	59	%	26,169		13	%
Operating income	151,359		140,339		40	%	41	%	11,020		8	%
Interest expense, net	(24,162)		(22,800)		(7)	%	(7)	%	(1,362)		6	%
Other income, net	3,393		364		1	%	—	%	3,029		832	%
Income before income taxes	130,590		117,903		34	%	34	%	12,687		11	%
Provision for income taxes	9,525		20,260		2	%	6	%	(10,735)		(53)	%
Net income	$	121,065	$	97,643	32	%	28	%	23,422		24	%
Number of employees at quarter end	3,485		3,305						180		5	%

Table of Contents

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of employee salaries, incentives, and benefits for personnel directly involved in delivering software products, operating SaaS infrastructure, and providing support, implementation and consulting services; overhead, facilities and data center costs; software royalty fees; credit bureau data and processing services; third-party hosting fees related to our SaaS services; travel costs; and outside services.

The quarter-over-prior year quarter increase in cost of revenues of $6.9 million was primarily attributable to a $3.9 million increase in personnel and labor costs, a $1.4 million increase in infrastructure and facilities costs, and a $0.9 million increase in direct materials costs. The increase in personnel and labor costs was primarily attributable to increased headcount and increased share-based compensation expense. The increase in infrastructure and facilities costs was primarily attributable to increased third-party data center hosting fees. The increase in direct materials costs was primarily attributable to increased telecommunications expenses to support FICO® Customer Communications Services revenue, partially offset by decreased software royalty fees. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues remained consistent at 22% during the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include personnel and related overhead costs incurred in the development of new products and services, including research of mathematical and statistical models and development of new versions of Software products.

The quarter-over-prior year quarter increase in research and development expenses of $6.0 million was primarily attributable to an increase in personnel and labor costs as a result of increased headcount, increased employee time allocated to research and development activities, and increased share-based compensation expense. Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues remained consistent at 11% during the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist principally of employee salaries, incentives, commissions and benefits; travel costs; overhead costs; advertising and other promotional expenses; corporate facilities expenses; legal expenses; and business development